嘉納治五郎と100年レガシー
Prof. Kano lived in a transformational era of Japan's history during a ‘modernisation’ phase after the Meiji Restoration. Kano dedicated his life to the promotion of a holistic development of human beings through education and sport. The father of the Olympic Movement, Baron de Coubertin, lived in the same era as Kano and he was also committed to building a peaceful society through the Olympic Movement.
| Year | Age | Jigoro Kano - Activities | Societal Development - Japan | Olymipc Movement |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1850 | - | Dr William Penny Brooke organised the first Wenlock Olympian Games in Much Wenlock, Shropshire, UK | ||
| 1859 | - | Evangelis Zappas held the Olympic Games in Athens | ||
| 1860 | 0 | Born in December 10 (October 28 in lunar calendar) in Mikage-mura, Settsu-koku (currently Mikage-cho, Higashi Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo) | The Wenlock Olympian Society formed | |
| 1861 | 1 | |||
| 1862 | 2 | |||
| 1863 | 3 | 1 January - Birth of Baron Pierre de Coubertin, in Paris | ||
| 1864 | 4 | |||
| 1865 | 5 | |||
| 1866 | 6 | Studied the Chinese classics and calligraphy under the painter Chikuun Yamamoto and Dr. Yamagishi (until Kano moved to Tokyo) | National Olympian Association formed in Liverpool | |
| 1867 | 7 | Meiji Restoration, placing the reins of government back in the hands of the Emperor | ||
| 1868 | 8 | |||
| 1869 | 9 | Mother passed away | ||
| 1870 | 10 | Moved to Tokyo with his father and started studying Chinese classics | 2nd Zappas Olympics held in Athens | |
| 1871 | 11 | Studied calligraphy at Seitatsu-Shojuku | Establishment of prefectures in place of feudal domains ("Haïhan-chiken") | |
| 1872 | 12 | Studied English literature at Sansya-Gakusha | Educational system promulgated Yukichi Fukuzawa wrote "Encouragement for Education (Gakumon no Susume)" | |
| 1873 | 13 | Studied English, German, and mathmatics at Ikuei-Gijyuku | ||
| 1874 | 14 | Entered into the National Foreign Launguage School and studied English and other subjects | ||
| 1875 | 15 | Graduated from the National Foreign Launguage School (current Tokyo University of Foreign Studies) and entered the National Kaisei School (Tokyo Imperial University, current University of Tokyo) | 3rd Zappas Olympics held in Athens | |
| 1876 | 16 | |||
| 1877 | 17 | Learn Jujitsu from Master Hachinosuke Fukuda of Tenjin Shinyo-ryu | ||
| 1878 | 18 | Studied the Chinese classics at Nisho Gakusha (current Nishogakusha University) | The National Gymnastics Training Centre (Kanritsu Taisô Denshû-Jyo), first research and education institute for sport and physical education, established | |
| 1879 | 19 | |||
| 1880 | 20 | Pierre de Coubertin graduated from l'école Saint-Ignace, Paris | ||
| 1881 | 21 | Graduated from Department of Political Science and Economics of the Faculty of Literature of Tokyo Imperial University and entered the selected subjecs of Moral Philosophy (Dogi) and the Aesthetics (graduated in the following year) | ||
| 1882 | 22 | Became a lecturer at Gakushuin (royal dedicated school) Established Kodokan Judo Founded "Kano Juku", "Kodokan (Kōdōkan)" at Eïshôji, Inari-cho and "Kôbunkan" in Minami-Jinbo-cho | Bank of Japan founded | Pierre de Coubertin founded Swordplay (Kenjutsu/fencing) Club |
| 1883 | 23 | Opned Judojo at Kôbunkan and Gakushuin Received his full mastership in Kitō-ryu Jujutsu | Pierre de Coubertin study trip to UK on the education sytem in the UK | |
| 1884 | 24 | Became Professor of Economics department at Komaba Agricultural College (current Tokyo University of Agriculture) | ||
| 1885 | 25 | Became Trustees and Professor for Gakushuin | The National Gymnastics Training Centre became an attached school of Higher Normal School The Cabinet System inaugurated and the first prime minister Hirobumi Ito formed his cabinet | |
| 1886 | 26 | Appointed as the Vice-Chancellor of Gakushuin Opened Kano Juku for children | The National Gymnastics Training Centre was abolished and the Higher Normal School set up a special course for gymnastics/sport | |
| 1887 | 27 | Kodokan "Ju-no-Kata (Forms of gentleness, 柔の形)" and "Katame-no-Kata (Forms of grappling, 固の形)" formalised | Pierre de Coubertin publsihed an article on the British college and university in Frédéric Le Play’s magazine La Réforme Sociale. | |
| 1888 | 28 | Co-published with Thomas Lindsay, Jujutsu The Old Samurai Art of Fighting Without Weapons | Pierre de Coubertin founded the "Comité pour la propagande des
exercises physiques dans l’ éducation" [Committee for the propagandaof physical excercise in the education] and published L’Education en Angleterre [The Education in England]. 4th Zappas Olympics held in Athens | |
| 1889 | 29 | Published Jujitsu and its Origin Lectured on Kodokan Judo and its educational values at the Imperical Japan Education Forum Aug - European tour, visited Paris and Berlin via Shanghai | The Constitution of Empire of Japan promulgated | June - Coubertin planned the conference and the event around gymnastic and sport exercise at the World Exhibition Sept - Coubertin visited United States for attending a meeting on sprot education in Boston L'Education anglaise en France [The English Education in France] was published |
| 1890 | 30 | Visited Berlin, Vienna, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Amsterdam and London | The Imperial Rescript on Education issued First Imperial Die opened | Oct - Coubertin invited to the Much Wenlock Olympian Games |
| 1891 | 31 | Jan - Returned to Japan via Cairo Aug - Married Appointed to the Ministry of Education Councilor and the principal of Fifth Junior High School (current Kumamoto University, until 1893.1); opened "Zuiho-kan (瑞邦館)", Judo hall, and taught Judo | ||
| 1892 | 32 | Nov - Coubertin mentioned his plan of supporting the establishment of an international sport events by reintroducing the Olympic Games. | ||
| 1893 | 33 | June - Principal of First Junior High School (until September)
Kodokan opened to women | Aug - Coubertin proposed the revival of Olympic Games at a conference on amateurism in sport | |
| 1894 | 34 | The Higher Normal School Sports Festival in Tokyo Extended the length of Higher Normal School from 3 to 4-years for graduation | Aug - Sino-Japanese War broke out (~1895.4) | Birth of International Olympic Committee (IOC), Demetrius Vikelas as its first President |
| 1895 | 35 | Abolished the militaristic structure at the students' domitory of Higher Normal School Budo festivals held across Japan and Judo practice became very popular among the general public Kodokan "Gokyo-no-Waza (five sets of techniques)" formalised Yakumo Koizumi (or Lafcadio Hearn), who was invited by Kano to Fifth Junior High School and taught English and Latin, published Out of the East and intrduced Judo as "Jujutsu" to the West | ||
| 1896 | 36 | Started accepting Chinese students at Kano's private schoolIntroduced "Sports Festival" at Higher Normal School to promote sport for students Kano Juku students practiced swimming (in Aishu, Miura-gun) | 1st Olympiad held in Athens Coubertin became the 2nd IOC Presidnet (~1925) | |
| 1897 | 37 | July - stepped down as the Principal of Higher Normal School Nov - reappointed to the Principal of Higher Normal School (until 1898) | 2nd Olympic Congress themed on Hygiene, Education and History relating to Physical Education, in Le Havre | |
| 1898 | 38 | Appointed to the Director of Bureau of Normal Education, Ministry of Education (until Nov)
June - stepped down as the Principal of Higher Normal School Initiated a long distance running competition (competing for 'fit legs' in a literal sense) participated by all students at Higher Normal School Unified Seikei-juku, Zen-ichi-juku and Zen-yô-juku with Kano Juku Established "Zôshi Kaï" and began its organ "Kokushi" (until 1903) | ||
| 1899 | 39 | Established "Jiraku Shoïn (later Kôbun Gakuin)" for the Chinese students (in Kanda, Misaki-cho) Swimming lesson started at Zôshi Kaï Lectured and performed Judo at the request of the Educational Society of Japan | ||
| 1900 | 40 | Published Japan Swimming Technique (Nihon Yu-eï-jutsu)and formed Zôshi-Kaï Swimming Technique (Zôshi-Kaï Suï0jutsu) | Inazo Nitobe published "Bushido" in English The Boxer Rebellion occurred in the Qing Dynasty | Women athletes participated despite the restrictions |
| 1901 | 41 | Appointed to the Principal of Higher Normal School (until 1920) Restructured of the student's athletic clubs with closure of "Undô-kaï" and launch of "Kôyû-kaï". | Coubertin published Notes sur l'éducation publique [Notes on the public education] | |
| 1902 | 42 | March - Renamed Higher Normal School to "Tokyo Higher Normal School" Shûshin Taïshô-Senshûka (specialised in ethics and physical education) introduced at Tokyo Higher Normal School Visited China and discussed on education with Zhang Zhidong (張之洞) | The Anglo-Japanese Alliance signed | |
| 1903 | 43 | Opened Kodokan Ushigome brunch for foreign students Yoshitsugu Yamashita (山下義韶), Kano's graduate, visited USA to meet President Theodore Roosevelt and taught him Judo. He toured North and South America and Europe to teach Judo | Coubertin formed the Society of Utilitarian Gymnastics, promoting sporting activity to general public | |
| 1904 | 44 | Feb - Japan-Rus War started (~1905.9) | Anthropology Days held at St. Louis World Fair and 4 Ainu participated the "Savage Olympics" | |
| 1905 | 45 | Visited China Many Chinese students returned to the country with exasperation with the restrictions upon them by the Ministery of Education | 3rd Olympic Congress themed around pedagogical themes, Sport and Physical Education, in Brussel Published La Gymnastique utilitaire [The utalitarian gymnastics]. | |
| 1906 | 46 | Established the Literature and Gymnastics majors, specialised in gymnastics, Judo and Kendo, at Tokyo Higher Normal School | 4th Olympic Congress held in Paris as the "Advisory Conference" focused on the introduction of competitions in architecture, sculpture, painting, literature and music at future Olympic Games Interim Games held in Athens Japan Taiiku Kai (currently Nippon Sport Science University) was requested to participated in the Olympic Games | |
| 1907 | 47 | Increase of Chinese students due to the special article on foreign students for higher education Revival of Confucius Festival (known as Sekiten, 釈奠) at Taiseiden Hall of Yushima Seido (Temple) | Coubertin lanuched the Foundation of the Association for Educational Reform | |
| 1908 | 48 | Established the Middle Education Research Soceity and became the president Judo and Kendo became compulsory for all students at Tokyo Higher Normal School The School Long Distance Festival in summer and autumn also became compulsory for all the students at Tokyo Higher Normal School | 4th Olympiad held in London Coubertin requested Auguste Gérard, French Ambassador to Japan, to seek a right person for IOC in Japan | |
| 1909 | 49 |
Foreign students participated in Track & Field and Swimming competitions at Tokyo Higher | Coubertin publsihed Une campagne de vingt-et-un ans [A Campaign of 21 years] June - Coubertin sent a letter to Jigoro Kano for his appointment to the IOC member | |
| 1910 | 50 | Seïnen Shuyô-kun published | Japan's annexation of the Korean Peninsula | |
| 1911 | 51 | Launched the Japan Amateur Athletic Association (nowadays Japan Sports Association and Japanese Olympic Committee) and became the first President (until 1921) | The Chinese (Xinhai) Revolution | |
| 1912 | 52 | Participated the 5th Stockholm Olympics as the Chief de Mission, met Coubertin for the first time | The Republic of China formed | Japan's first participation to the Olympic Games, led by Jigoro Kano as Chef de Mision along with 2 athletes and 1 coach |
| 1913 | 53 | 1st National Higher School Judo Festival held The Japan Amateur Athletic Association held 1st national athletics competition (continued up to 11th meet in 1923; since 1925 All Japan Athletic Federation (nowadays JAAF) has organised the competition | 5th Olympic Congress held in Lausanne, themed on psychology and physiology of sports Coubertin publsihed the Revue olympique [Olympic Review] with the values for the education reformation movement | |
| 1914 | 54 | Established Kodokan Judo-kai and published the magazine, Judo The Japan Amateur Athletic Association held 1st national swimming competition (continued up to 9th meet; from 1924 Japan Swimming Federation became the organiser) | Outbreak of World War I (~1918.11) | 6th Olympic Congress held in Paris, themed on Unification of Olympic regulations and conditions for participation Coubertin published 8 items to illustrate ideal roles of sport in the modern society at the 20th Anniversity of Olympic Games |
| 1915 | 55 | The "Physical Education Department" established as 4-year course at Tokyo Higher Normal School to develop the PE teacher training programme Kano mentioned in "Judo" about physical education for the general public and the term "Seiryoku-Zenyo (精力善用)" appeared for the frist time Judo introduced in girls' school and Women's Normal School | IOC-related document relocated to Lausanne from Coubertin's home in Paris | |
| 1916 | 56 | Cancellation of 6th Olympic Games | ||
| 1917 | 57 | Published "On physical education for the general public" in Journal of Aichi Education | 3rd Far Eastern Games held in Shibaura, Japan | |
| 1918 | 58 | Promoted to upgrade Tokyo Higher Normal School to University status Visited Korea | End of World War I | Launch of Olympic Institute in Lausanne |
| 1919 | 59 | Closure of Kano-juku Jounal Judo renamed to Effective Activity (Yûkô-no-Katsudô) | ||
| 1920 | 60 | Published Kodokan Dan-Kyu certification system (rank certification) Jan - submitted the resignation to Principal of Tokyo Higher Normal School Feb - Shizo Kanaguri, graduate of Higher Normal School, held Four Normal School Ekiden competition (later became Hakone Ekiden) June - Participated the 7th Olympiad in Antwerp, met Coubertin Visited Prague and other European countries as part of a tour of educational system inspection July - Demonstration and lecture on Judo in London, visited Budokai (a Judo club) there Lecture on Judo in Los Angels | The League of Nations inaugurated | 1st Olympic medal won by Japan - Ichiya Kumagai and Seiichiro Kashio won Silver medal in Tennis doubles |
| 1921 | 61 | Feb - returned to Japan from a tour abroad Resigned the presidency of Japan Amateur Athletic Association and became the honorary president May - atended the 5th Far Eastern Games held in Shanghai as IOC member | 7th Olympic Congress held in Lausanne, themed on modification of the Olympic programme and conditions of participation | |
| 1922 | 62 | Launched Kodokan Bunka-kai, announced the combined virtues of “Seiryoku-Zenyo (精力善用)” and “Jita-Kyoei (自他共栄)”
Appointed to the member of House of Peers The bill on upgrading Tokyo Higher Normal School to University status was passed at the Diet (Parliament) Visited Taiwan | Coubertin moved to Lausanne and published Pédagogie sportive [Sport Pedagogy] | |
| 1923 | 63 | Lectured on "Theory of the most effectuve use of Jita-Kyoei and Seiryoku-Zenyo" at Friday Society Visited Karafuto | Sept - The Great Kanto Earthquake | May - 6th Far Eastern Games held in Osaka |
| 1924 | 64 | Appointed to the emeritus professor of Tokyo Higher Normal School Absent from the 8th Olympiad in Paris due to bad health condition | Inaugulation of the Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix 8th Olympiad held in Paris; Katsutoshi Naito won Bronze in Wrestling 1st Japan Women Olympic Games held in Osaka Seiichi Kishi appointed to the IOC membership | |
| 1925 | 65 | Japan Amateur Athletic Association became the unified organisation of sport in Japan | The Public Security Preservation Law and the Universal Manhood Suffrage Act proclaimed | 8th Olympic Congress held in Praha, themed on sports pedagogy and Olympic regulations Coubertin retired from the IOC President |
| 1926 | 66 | Jujutsu in school physical education renamed to Judo Formal launch of a women’s division at Kodokan Judo Institute Became the president of Founding Committee for English Association Visited Taiwan | ||
| 1927 | 67 | Founded "Seiryoku-Zenyo and Jita-Kyoei Physical Education for the General Public" (Kokumin Taiiku) Lectured across Japan on "Seiryoku-Zenyo" and "Jita-Kyoei" Yôtaro Sugimura, Kano-juku graduate, became the Deputy Director-General of League of Nations | ||
| 1928 | 68 | Attended the 9th Olympiad in Amsterdam Demonstration and lectured on Judo in Italy, UK and Berlin Visited the League of Nations Office in Geneva Dec - Visited Shanghai | 2nd Winter Olympic Games in San Moritz Mikio Oda won the first Gold medal for Japan in Tripple Jump, followed by Zenko Tsuruta winning Gold in 200m breast stroke. Kinue Hitomi won Silver in 800m track, first medal for the Japanese women Coubertin lectured on needs of the establishment of sport education internaitonal office at Lausanne University | |
| 1929 | 69 | Tokyo Bunri University established, attended the reception Attended Roomaji Kai | Great Depression | |
| 1930 | 70 | Made a congratulatory speech at the 9th Far Eastern Games held in Tokyo as IOC member | Jan - The London Naval Conference held Mar - The Teïto Fukkô-saï (commemorative festival for the reconstruction of Capital after the 1923 Earthquake) held in Tokyo | 9th Olympic Congress held in Berlin, themed on modification of Olympic regulations |
| 1931 | 71 | Published Judo Kyohon [Judo Instruction Book] | June - Liutiaohu Incident, followed by the Manchurian (Mukden) Incident | Oct - City of Tokyo dedicded a bid for the Olympics |
| 1932 | 72 | made a speech and read an invitation letter from Mr Nagata Tokyo Governor at the IOC Session Demonstrated and lectured on Judo at University of Northern California Visited Hawai (returned Japan in September) | Manchuria established May 15th Incident | 3rd Winter Olymipc Games in Lake Placid 192 Japanese delegation - Takeichi Nishi (Equestrian), Chuheï Nanbu (T&F), Takatoku Yoshioka (T&F), Masaji Kiyokawa and Yoshiyuki Tsuruta (Swimming) performed well. Won 5 Gold medals by Men's Swimming |
| 1933 | 73 | June - travelled to Vienna to attend the IOC Session. Yôtaro Sugimura was appointed to the IOC membership in this session
Attended Deutsches Turnfest (German Gymnastics Festival) held in Stuttgart Commended by French government for his service to physical education Met Adolf Hilter in Berlin Instructed at the Judo training session organised by Bavarian Government. Made lecture and demonstration of Judo in Vienna, London and France Lectured at Singapore Judo coompetition (returned to Japan in November) | Jan - The Nazi assumption of power in Germany Mar - Japan's withdrawal from the League of Nations | |
| 1934 | 74 | Kodokan building newly constructed in Suidobashi April - attended the IOC Session in Athens, Michimasa Soëjima became IOC member in this session Made lecture and demonstration of Judo at the Parnassus Literary Society in Athens and in Vienna and London. Met Carl Diem and others (returned to Japan in September) | Coubertin lectured at the 40th anniversary of Olympic revival event held at Lausanne University | |
| 1935 | 75 | Had discussion with Wang Cheng-T'ing (王正廷) | Coubertin talked "Religio athletae" during the speech titled "Les assises philosophiques de l'Olympisme moderne [the Philosophical Foundation of the Modern Olympism]"at Berlin Radio Soëjima and Sugimura met Mussolini to seek for his support Tokyo's bid for Olympics | |
| 1936 | 76 | Tokyo was awarded the 12th Olympiad in 1940 at IOC Session in Berlin Visited USA, UK, Poland and Romania (returned to Japan in Nov) | February 26 Incident | 4th Olympic Winter Olymipc Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
11th Olympiad in Berlin, Tourch Relay introduced Japanese delegation's succcess particularly through Sohn Kee-Chung, Naoto Tajima (T&F) and Hideko Maehata (Swimming) Sugimura stepped down as IOC member |
| 1937 | 77 | July - Lu Gou Bridge Happening, followed by the Second Sino-Japan War 2 Sept - Death of Coubertin, age of 74 | Nov - German-Italy-Japan Anticommunist Treaty | |
| 1938 | 77 | The IOC Session held in Cairo confirmed the 12th Olympiad in Tokyo and Winter Games in Sapporo Visited Greece and USA 4 May - On his way back from Vancouver, Kano died of pneumonia on the Pacific Ocean at the age of 77 | Dec - National General Mobilization Act issued | July - Japan returned the right to host the 12th Olympiad of Tokyo and 5th Winter Olymipcs of Sapporo to the IOC |
- Reference
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- Kodokan (ed), Kano Jigoro Taïkeï [Jigoro Kano Collected Works], Vol. 13, Hon no tomo sha, 1998
- Shigeo Shimizu, Sportsu to Kindaï Kyôiku, Fransu Taiiku Shisôshi [Sports and Modern Education: A History of French Philosophy of Physical Education], Shiô-tosho, 1999
- Japan Olympic Academy (ed), Pocket-ban Olympic Jiten [Pocket sized Olympic Dictionary], Raku, 2008
- Seïtan 150 Shûnen Kinen Shuppan Iinkai [Committee for Commemorative Publication for the 150 years anniversary of birth] (ed), Kigaï to Kôdô no Kyoïku-sha Kano Jigoro [Jigoro Kano, the passionate and active educator], University of Tsukuba Press, 2011
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